Mitocondrias y sinapsis / Mitochondrial and synaps

New article with some drawings .....: Role of Sirt1 During the Ageing Process: Relevance to Protection of Synapses in the Brain

Role of Sirt1 During the Ageing Process: Relevance to Protection of Synapses in the Brain

• Juan A. Godoy, 
• Juan M. Zolezzi, 
• Nady Braidy, 
• Nibaldo C. Inestrosa
• Abstract
• Ageing is a stochastic process associated with a progressive decline in physiological functions which predispose to the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. The intrinsic complexity of ageing remains a significant challenge to understand the cause of this natural phenomenon. At the molecular level, ageing is thought to be characterized by the accumulation of chronic oxidative damage to lipids, proteins and nucleic acids caused by free radicals. Increased oxidative stress and misfolded protein formations, combined with impaired compensatory mechanisms, may promote neurodegenerative disorders with age. Nutritional modulation through calorie restriction has been shown to be effective as an anti-ageing factor, promoting longevity and protecting against neurodegenerative pathology in yeast, nematodes and murine models. Calorie restriction increases the intracellular levels of the essential pyridine nucleotide, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a co-substrate for the sirtuin 1 (Sirt1, silent mating-type information regulator 2 homolog 1) activity and a cofactor for oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis. Promotion of intracellular NAD+ anabolism is speculated to induce neuroprotective effects against amyloid-β-peptide (Aβ) toxicity in some models for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase, Sirt1, has been implicated in the ageing process. Sirt1 serves as a deacetylase for numerous proteins involved in several cellular pathways, including stress response and apoptosis, and plays a protective role in neurodegenerative disorders, such as AD.
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Review: Wnt Signaling Roles on the Structure and Function of the Central Synapses: Involvement in Alzheimer’s Disease

Review with drawings accepted !  Click Review Here !!

This is a old version of drawings of Graphique-science, but now are coming new versions!

 Wnts compromise a large family of secreted glycoproteins that have shown to be part of the signaling molecules that regulate several aspects of development such as axis formation and midbrain development [1, 2]. In mammals at least 19 Wnt members have been found. The interaction of a Wnt protein with members of the Frizzled (Fz) family of seven-pass transmembrane cell-surface receptors triggers the activation of the Wnt signaling pathway . In human and mice, 10 members of the Fz family have been identified. In addition, receptor-like tyrosine kinase (Ryk) and receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor (Ror2) have been identified as alternative Wnt receptors [6-8]. Different Wnt signaling cascades are activated downstream the Wnt receptors, identified as Wnt/β-catenin or canonical pathway, and β-catenin-independent or non-canonical pathways. The canonical pathway involves the transcription of Wnt target genes, while activation of non-canonical Wnt pathways may induce either an increase in intracellular calcium concentration or activation of the c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) cascade.

Neurogenesis Re-Loaded !!

Neurogenesis in the Sub-Granular Zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus Reloaded!!. This drawing was created in comparison with one of my firsts design in the neurogenesis. Thanks to the creativity and patience to make everyday a nice work !

(Hace un tiempo había realizado este dibujo pero sin los conocimientos que he ido adquiriendo en el tiempo. Hoy año 2013 Graphique-science esta a la vanguardia!!!)

Identification of Inhibitory Synapses

Conversation between Per Andersen and John Eccles in Canberra, about the identification of a new type of interneuron with new properties. The cite is a extract of "The History of Neuroscience in Autobiography" VOLUME 4, Edited by Larry R. Squire.

Neuron HD!

 

Do you like the neurons?, the morphology? color? transmission ?? Here is a new model of Graphique Science for you!!

Long Term Potentiation (LTP)

Proceso de plasticidad sinaptica que ocurre en la región CA1 del hipocampo. La liberación de glutamato permite la activacion de los receptores AMPA y NMDA. Estos ultimos inducen la entrada de calcio permitiendo la activación de la CamKII, la cual permite la incorporacion de mas receptores a la superficie de la espina sináptica.

The synaptic plasticity in the CA1 region in the hippocampus depend of the increase in the release of the neurotransmitter glutamate to the synaptic cleft. This induces the activation of AMPA and NMDA receptors. The NMDA receptor allows the influx of Calcium activating to CamKII to induce the incorporation of new AMPA receptors to the postsynaptic membrane increase the synaptic strenght.

La plasticité synaptique dans la région CA1 de l'hippocampe dépend de l'augmentation de la libération du neurotransmetteur glutamate de la fente synaptique. Ceci induit l'activation des récepteurs AMPA et NMDA. Le récepteur NMDA permet l'afflux de calcium pour activer CaMKII pour induire l'incorporation de nouveaux récepteurs AMPA pour augmenter la membrane post-synaptique de la force synaptique.

Glutamatergic synapse

Modelo básico de sinapsis excitatoria